NATIONAL PARKS OF AFRICA

A] INTRODUCTION

NATIONAL PARK OF AFRICA

African countries have generally been aware of threat to their animals. Governments have established national parks and protect reserves in almost every country to conserve the tremendous animal wealth.

Park is designed to carry wild animals and at the same time attract tourist. For example people come as tourist for hunting, fishing, or for mountain hiking and this lead to the economy of each country to grow.
Park also acts as a home for wild animals,marine animals,insects and several species of rare plants.

1. BWINDI IMPENETRABLE NATIONAL PARK (UGANDA)

The park is located in South-Western Uganda at the junction of the plain and mountain forest.It covers 32 000 ha and is known for its exceptional biodiversity with more than 160 species of trees and 100 species of ferns.It has population of about 300 mountain Gorillas.It was initially gazetted as a forest reserve in 1932 and managed both as game and forest reserve from 1961.

The coordinates are -1°04'50.16"S 29°39'41.04"E [-1.0750267°S 29.65684°E]


2. CHOBE NATIONAL PARK (BOTSWANA)
It is the second largest national park in Botswana and it covers 10 556 square kilometers.The park is divided into 4 distinctly different ecosystem: The Serondela with its lush plains and dense forest in the Chobe river area in the extreme north-east,The Savuti marsh in the west and the Linyanti swamps in the North-west


The coordinates are -18°36'15.40"S 24°44'19.80"E [-18.60256675°S 24.736633°E]

3. ETOSHA NATIONAL PARK (NAMIBIA)

The park is situated In the northern Namibia.It was established in 1907 and is located 435 km North of Windhoek.The name “Etosha” means place of dry water.
It covers an area of 22 270 square kilometers.

It is one of Africa’s major wildlife sanctuaries.Etosha is the finest and most popular game reserve in Namibia.Its most famous characteristics is the fact that the area is dominated by a salt span.The salt pan desert is roughly 130 km long and as wide as 50km in places.It has a little rainfall and its hot and dry but attracts plenty of wildlife

The coordinates are -19°08'04.56"S 15°58'08.86"E

[-19.1340933°S 15.9681433°E]


4. KGALAGADI TRANSFRONTEIR PARK (BOTSWANA)

The Gemsbok Park is the continuation of the Kalahari Gemsbok Park in South Africa, from which is separated by the dry riverbed of the Nassob River.It was officially launched on May 12 2002 by South African President and Botswana president. It is located in Kgalagadi District and approximately 865km Southwest of Gaborone.
It covers an area of 9000 square kilometers of Kalahari Desert

The coordinates are -26°10'8.38"S 20°40'53.64"E [-26.16973°S 20.6756067°E]

5. KRUGER NATIONAL PARK (SOUTH AFRICA)

This is the largest game reserve in South Africa and is the world’s most famous game reserve.It was established in 1898 to protect the wildlife of South African lowveld.It covers 18 889 square kilometers.It is approximately 350 km from north to south and stretch from along the northeastern corner of South Africa dividing Limpopo province and Mozambique and overlapping into the south into Mpumalanga province in South Africa.It has 8 entrance gates and 26 camps.

The coordinates are -24°09'53.42"S 31°10'09.63"E

[-24.158903°S 31.1682717°E]

6. MOUNT KENYA NATIONAL PARK (KENYA)

The park is approximately 2095 square kilometers and is located 175 km from Nairobi. It was opened in December 1949.The park has biosphere that covers 715 square kilometers and includes the peaks consisting of all the ground above 32 00 meters.

The coordinates are -0°09'15.42"S 37°19'03.00"E [-0.15257°S 37.3171667°E]

7. NGORONGORO NATIONAL PARK (TANZANIA)

This is quite the most famous of all Africa’s conservation areas.It covers 830 square kilometers and 600 meter deep and is situated in the North-eastern Tanzania.It is home to a permanent population of more than 30 000 animals and it is also have the “big five”, the lion,leopard,elephant,buffalo and rhino.

The coordinates are -°09'08.61"S 35°32'30.48"E [-3.151435°S 35.5384133°E]

8. RWENZORI MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK (UGANDA)

The park covers 100 000 ha in Western Uganda and comprises the main part of the Rwenzori mountains chain,which includes Africa’s third highest peak, mountain Margherita.
It protects the eastern slopes and glacial peaks of the 120 km long Rwenzori Mountains.

The coordinates are 0°12'30.00"N 29°53'58.08"E [0.205°N 29.8930133°E]

9. SALONGA NATIONAL PARK (DRC)

The park was created in 1970.It is Africa’s largest tropical rainforest.It covers
36 000 square kilometers of lowland rain-forest and savanna-forest mosaic.it is situated at the heart of the central basin of the Congo River

The park is very isolated and accessible only by water. It is the habitat of many endemic endangered species such as the dwarf Chimpanzee and forest elephant.

The coordinates are -1°57'34.87"S 21°00'10.29"E [-1.9558117°S 21.001715°E]

10. TAI NATIONAL PARK (COTE d’IVOIRE)

It is the single-largest tract of undisturbed tropical rainforest in west Africa.It was established in 1972. It is a home of 230 birds species, 28 of which are endemic to the Guinean zone.The park contains some of the last rainforest in West Africa.
The coordinates are 5°14'55.83"N -7°25'16.61"W [5.2426383°N -7.419435°W]

SOCCER STADIUM IN THE WORLD

TABLE OF CONTENT
A. INTRODUCTION
B. OLYMPIC STADIUM IN BERLIN
C. FNB STADIUM IN SOUTH AFRICA
D. BORG EI ARAB STADIUM IN ALEXANDRIA
E. NATIONAL SPORT STADIUM IN HARARE
F. ROYAL BAFOKENG STADIUM IN RUSTENBURG
G. STADE MOHAMED V IN MOROCO
H. NATIONAL STADIUM IN BOTSWANA
I. BEIJING WORKERS STADIUM IN CHINA
J. LUZHNIKI STADIUM IN MOSCOW
K. TIANHE STADIUM IN CHINA

SOCCER STADIUM IN THE WORLD

A. INTRODUCTION
Stadium can be defined as an enclose that provides a broad space for sport events and tiers of seats for a large number of spectators. The shape of stadiums has varied depending on use, some are rectangular with curved corners, other are U shaped. Stadium creates jobs for young people and football help young people to develop the positive skills.
The objectives for choosing this Topic of Soccer Stadium in the World are; because it breaks down barriers between police and young people. It reduces crime and anti- social behavior. It engages young people in a range of constructive activities. It increases the playing, coaching and officiating opportunities for young people. It creates routes into education, training and employment. It increases youth people interest in the professional game.
Before discussing the details of Stadiums in the world it is important to agree what is being meant by Stadium.

B. OLYMPIC STADIUM IN BERLIN

The Olympic Stadium is a sports stadium in Berlin. This Olympic Stadium is surrounded by the massive Olympischer Platz and was originally built for the 1936 Summer Olympics.

The coordinates are52°30’52.98’’N,13°14’21.69’’E{52.50883°N,13.236948°E}

C. FIRST NATIONAL BANK STADIUM IN SOUTH AFRICA

First National Bank Stadium was built in 1987 and is located in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is the central venue for the South African Football Association (SAFA). A football-specific stadium, the FNB Stadium seats 78,000 people in plastic bucket seats. A two-metre wide "moat" runs around the entire field to protect players from over eager spectators. The most of the largest football events in South Africa are played at the FNB.




The coordinates are-26°14’05.18’’S,27°58’57.01’’E{-26.234196°S,27.976168°E}

D. BORG EI ARAB STADIUM IN ALEXANDRIA

Borg EI Arab Stadium is a brand new stadium commissioned in 2006 in the Mediterranean Sea resort of Borg el Arab; 50 KM west of Alexandria, Egypt. It is the largest stadium in Egypt with a capacity of 80,000 and is an all-seater. It is located on the Cairo-Alexandria desert highway 10km from Borg El Arab Airport and 15km from the city centre. A running track runs around the pitch, and the ground has four large floodlights. Only one stand is covered by a roof.




The coordinates are31°09’03.47’’N,29°50’55.57’’E{31.150578N,29.842595°E}

E. NATIONAL SPORT STADIUM IN HARARE

National Sports Stadium is a multi-use Stadium and is located in Harare, Zimbabwe. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 60,000.


The coordinates are-17°49’16.99’’S,30°59’42.28’’E{-17.819498°S, 30.99038°E}

F. ROYAL BAFOKENG STADIUM IN RUSTENBURG

Royal Mafokeng stadium is located in Rustenburg, in the North West Province; the Royal Bafokeng Stadium was opened in 1999 and completely funded by the Royal Bafokeng community, an administrative entity presiding over the world's richest platinum mines. Access is simple as it is built on open land and so has extensive parking facilities. It is a 90 minute drive from Johannesburg to the stadium. The stadium is currently a multi-purpose venue which includes an athletics track. It is already very well-equipped and it will require only minor renovations to bring it up to FIFA standards. The capacity of the stadium will be increased to 40,000 with the construction of two additional rows of seating on the second level.


The coordinates are-25°39’44.92’’S,27°13’19.64’’E{-25.657486S,27.21994E}

G. STADE MOHAMED V IN MOROCO

Stade Mohammed V (Arabic) is located in Casablanca, Morocco. It is a national stadium. It has a capacity of 55,000. It was built in 1955, and most recently renovated in 1999. It is an all-seater, and has a running track.



The coordinates are33°34’58.13’’N,-7°38’47.72W{33.576355°N,-7.641286°W}

H. National Stadium, Botswana

Botswana National Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Gaborone, Botswana. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 22,500.The stadium is made up of a total of ten stands, three of which are covered. Three large stands on each end of the stadium make up the north and south ends. The west side of the stadium is made up of three covered stands, while the east end is made up of one giant uncoved stand.



The coordinates are-24°39’24.01’’S,25°55’58.65’’E{-24.654001°S,25.926441°E}

I. BEIJING WORKERS STADIUM IN CHINA

The Workers Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium and is located in Beijing, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium was built in 1959. It was last renovated in 2004 and now holds 66,161. It was the main venue for the 1990 Asian Games, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held. Some high attendance matches of Beijing Hyundai Football club are also held at the stadium.

The coordinates are39°55’46.39’’N,116°26’28.09’’E{39.924398°N,116.43801°E}

J. LUZHNIKI STADIUM IN MOSCOW

Luzhniki stadium is the Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex in Moscow, or briefly Luzhniki Stadium is the biggest sports stadium in Russia. Its total seating capacity is 84,745 seats, all covered. The stadium is a part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex, previously called the Central Lenin Stadium.


The coordinates are55°42’56.32’’N,37°33’13.61’’E{55.709386°N,37.552268°E}


K. TIANHE STADIUM IN CHINA

Tianhe Stadium is a multi-use stadium and is located in Guangzhou, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 60,000. It was built in 1987, and hosted the final of the inaugural FIFA Women's World Cup in 1991.

The coordinates are23°08’25.49’’N,113°19’11.10’’E{23.13758°N,113.318516°E}

FAMOUS BEACHES

INTRODUCTION

Famous Beaches are cities or towns with many personalities. It is at once the self proclaimed “World’s Most Famous Beaches” and World Center of Racing” a Mecca for tattooed motorcyclists and pierced spring-breakers, and the home of a surprisingly good art museum. They are mostly built next to the sea and around the famous main street into Ocean walk Village, a redevelopment area of shops, entertainment, and resort facilities. Beaches are very quite area lots of activities do happen at the beaches like sports.

A. LONG BEACH,CALIFORNIA

Description

Long beach is a city located Southern Los Angeles Country, California, United State, on the Pacific Coast. It borders Orange country on its southeast edge. It is about 30 km south of downtown Los Angeles. Downtown long beach has been showcasing long beach as a first class city within California.

Long beach and its North-West location within the California,US. Scale bar = 30km. Co-ordinates: 33°46'01.29''N, -118°11'18.15''W (Decimal Degrees: 33.766881°N, -118.186358°W).

B. HUNTINGTON BEACH, CALIFORNIA

Description

It is a seaside city in Orange Country in Southern California in United States. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west by Seal Beach on the north, by Costa Mesa on the south, by Westminster on the Northeast, and by Fountain Valley on the east. It is known for its long 14 km’s beach, mild climate and excellent surfing. It is most beautiful beach, relaxing and incredibly entertaining.

Huntington beach and its North-West location within the California,US. Scale bar= 14 km's. Co-odinates: 33° 39'37.24''N, -117° 59'53.71''W (Decimal degrees:33.656207°N, -117.992285° W)

C. BONDI BEACH-ARUBA,SYDNEY,AUSTRALIA

Description

One of the world oldest surf life beaches, famous and beautiful beach is the closest to Sydney, Australia. It is situated in the Eastern Suburbs, roughly 7 kilometers from the center of the city. While the Northern end has been rated a gentle 4, the southern side is rated as a 7 due to a famous rip current known as the ”Backpackers Express” (also known as the “Bondi Tram” or the ”Bronte Express”

Bondi beach and its South-East location within the Sdyney,Australia. Scale bar= 7-8 km's. Co-odinates: -33° 53'25.95''S, 151°16'29.48''E (Decimal degrees:-33.887658°S, 151.27158° E)

D.VENICE BEACH,CALIFORNIA

Description

It is a district in west of Los Angeles, California in United States. It is best known for its canals and also has a somewhat Bohemian residential area as well as a colorful boardwalk. Venice beach is today one of the most and electric areas of Southern California and it continues a tradition of progressive social change involving prominent Westsiders.

Venice beach and its North-West location within the California,US. Scale bar= 0.22 km's. Co-odinates: 27° 05'59.69''N, -82°27'36.45''W (Decimal degrees:27.093282°N, -82.456075° W)

E.VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA

Description

It is an independent city located in the South Hampton Roads area in the Commonwealth of Virginia, on the shores of the Chesapeake bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The city in the most popular in the Commonwealth of Virginia and the 42nd largest city in the United States. It is third largest beach in the United States after Long beach and the others.

Virgina beach and its North-West location within the California,US. Scale bar= 0.22 km's. Co-odinates: 36°51'09.90''N, -75°58'42.04''W (Decimal degrees:36.85165°N, -75.973673° W)

F. DAYTONA BEACH, CALIFORNIA

Description

The most world’s famous beach. Dayton is a city in Volusia country, Florida, United States. It is a year-round resort area, well known for its beaches located on the Halifax River lagoon, part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, and the Atlantic Ocean. In the past Daytona Beach catered to spring breakers, but in recent years many of the breakers have migrated to other sites.

Daytona beach and its North-West location within the California,US. Scale bar= 0.71 km's. Co-odinates: 29°12'40.64''N, -81°01'25.48''W (Decimal degrees:29.206773°N, -81.020913° W)

G. PEBBLE BEACH,MONTEREY

Description

It is a small private coastal unincorporated community in Monterey Country, California which is the best known as a golf resort. It is bordered by Carmel-by-the-sea to the south, Pacific Grove to the north, the cit of Monterey to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the West.“The Lone Cypress” is a famous landmark in Pebble Beach.

Pebble beach and its North-West location within the California,US. Scale bar= 0.13 km's. Co-odinates: 36°34'08.64''N, -121°56'56.72''W (Decimal degrees:36.568106°N, -121.942787° W)

H.MIAMI BEACH,FLORIDA

Description

It is a city in Miami-Dade Country, Florida in United States. The city was incorporated on March 26th, 1915. IN 1979 Miami Beach’s Art Deco Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. South beach is one of the top destinations in the United States.

Miami beach and its North-West location within the California,US. Scale bar= 0.13 km's. Co-odinates: 25°47'25.07''N, -80°07'49.07''W (Decimal degrees:25.787512°N, -80.124845° W)

I. PALM BEACH,FLORIDA

Description

It is a city (collectively classified as a town) located in Palm beach Country, Florida 65 miles North of Miami. The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the neighboring cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth. Flagler’s two resort hotels established the nucleus of Palm Beach.

Palm beach and its North-West location within the Florida,US. Scale bar= 0.25 km's. Co-odinates: 26°42'18.57''N, -80°02'08.97''W (Decimal degrees:26.703095°N, -80.034828° W)

J. OLD ORCHARD BEACH

Description

It is a town in York Country, Maime in United States. It is located on the inner side of Saco Bay on the Atlantic Ocean; the town is a popular summer beach destination with an amusement park Palace Play land (including a large seaside Ferris wheel). The seven mile long beach stretching away from the downtown is lined with many beach residential properties.

Old Orchard beach and its North-West location within the Maime,US. Scale bar= 0.13 km's. Co-odinates: 43°31'04.65''N, -70°22'39.34''W (Decimal degrees:43.517442°N, -70.373223° W)